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Schemas

If you haven't yet done so, please take a minute to read the quickstart to get an idea of how Mongoose works. If you are migrating from 3.x to 4.x please take a moment to read the migration guide.

Defining your schema

Everything in Mongoose starts with a Schema. Each schema maps to a MongoDB collection and defines the shape of the documents within that collection.

var mongoose = require('mongoose');
var Schema = mongoose.Schema;

var blogSchema = new Schema({
  title:  String,
  author: String,
  body:   String,
  comments: [{ body: String, date: Date }],
  date: { type: Date, default: Date.now },
  hidden: Boolean,
  meta: {
    votes: Number,
    favs:  Number
  }
});

If you want to add additional keys later, use theSchema#add method.

Each key in ourblogSchema defines a property in our documents which will be cast to its associatedSchemaType. For example, we've defined atitle which will be cast to theString SchemaType anddate which will be cast to aDate SchemaType. Keys may also be assigned nested objects containing further key/type definitions(e.g. the `meta` property above).

The permitted SchemaTypes are

Read more about themhere.

Schemas not only define the structure of your document and casting of properties, they also define documentinstance methods, staticModel methods,compound indexes and document lifecycle hooks calledmiddleware.

Creating a model

To use our schema definition, we need to convert our blogSchema into a Model we can work with. To do so, we pass it into mongoose.model(modelName, schema):

var Blog = mongoose.model('Blog', blogSchema);
// ready to go!

Instance methods

Instances of Models are documents. Documents have many of their own built-in instance methods. We may also define our own custom document instance methods too.

// define a schema
var animalSchema = new Schema({ name: String, type: String });

// assign a function to the "methods" object of our animalSchema
animalSchema.methods.findSimilarTypes = function(cb) {
  return this.model('Animal').find({ type: this.type }, cb);
};

Now all of ouranimal instances have afindSimilarTypes method available to it.

var Animal = mongoose.model('Animal', animalSchema);
var dog = new Animal({ type: 'dog' });

dog.findSimilarTypes(function(err, dogs) {
  console.log(dogs); // woof
});

Overwriting a default mongoose document method may lead to unpredictable results. See this for more details.

Do not declare methods using ES6 arrow functions (=>). Arrow functions explicitly prevent binding this, so your method will not have access to the document and the above examples will not work.

Statics

Adding static methods to a Model is simple as well. Continuing with our animalSchema:

// assign a function to the "statics" object of our animalSchema
animalSchema.statics.findByName = function(name, cb) {
  return this.find({ name: new RegExp(name, 'i') }, cb);
};

var Animal = mongoose.model('Animal', animalSchema);
Animal.findByName('fido', function(err, animals) {
  console.log(animals);
});

Do not declare statics using ES6 arrow functions (=>). Arrow functions explicitly prevent binding this, so the above examples will not work because of the value of this.

Query Helpers

You can also add query helper functions, which are like instance methods but for mongoose queries. Query helper methods let you extend mongoose's chainable query builder API.

animalSchema.query.byName = function(name) {
  return this.find({ name: new RegExp(name, 'i') });
};

var Animal = mongoose.model('Animal', animalSchema);
Animal.find().byName('fido').exec(function(err, animals) {
  console.log(animals);
});

Indexes

MongoDB supports secondary indexes. With mongoose, we define these indexes within our Schema at the path level or the schema level. Defining indexes at the schema level is necessary when creating compound indexes.

var animalSchema = new Schema({
  name: String,
  type: String,
  tags: { type: [String], index: true } // field level
});

animalSchema.index({ name: 1, type: -1 }); // schema level

When your application starts up, Mongoose automatically calls createIndex for each defined index in your schema. Mongoose will call createIndex for each index sequentially, and emit an 'index' event on the model when all the createIndex calls succeeded or when there was an error. While nice for development, it is recommended this behavior be disabled in production since index creation can cause a significant performance impact. Disable the behavior by setting the autoIndex option of your schema to false, or globally on the connection by setting the option autoIndex to false.

mongoose.connect('mongodb://user:pass@localhost:port/database', { autoIndex: false });
// or
mongoose.createConnection('mongodb://user:pass@localhost:port/database', { autoIndex: false });
// or
animalSchema.set('autoIndex', false);
// or
new Schema({..}, { autoIndex: false });

Mongoose will emit an index event on the model when indexes are done building or an error occurred.

// Will cause an error because mongodb has an _id index by default that
// is not sparse
animalSchema.index({ _id: 1 }, { sparse: true });
var Animal = mongoose.model('Animal', animalSchema);

Animal.on('index', function(error) {
  // "_id index cannot be sparse"
  console.log(error.message);
});

See also the Model#ensureIndexes method.

Virtuals

Virtuals are document properties that you can get and set but that do not get persisted to MongoDB. The getters are useful for formatting or combining fields, while setters are useful for de-composing a single value into multiple values for storage.

// define a schema
var personSchema = new Schema({
  name: {
    first: String,
    last: String
  }
});

// compile our model
var Person = mongoose.model('Person', personSchema);

// create a document
var axl = new Person({
  name: { first: 'Axl', last: 'Rose' }
});

Suppose you want to print out the person's full name. You could do it yourself:

console.log(axl.name.first + ' ' + axl.name.last); // Axl Rose

But concatenating the first and last name every time can get cumbersome. And what if you want to do some extra processing on the name, like removing diacritics?. A virtual property getter lets you define a fullName property that won't get persisted to MongoDB.

personSchema.virtual('fullName').get(function () {
  return this.name.first + ' ' + this.name.last;
});

Now, mongoose will call your getter function every time you access the fullName property:

console.log(axl.fullName); // Axl Rose

If you use toJSON() or toObject() (or use JSON.stringify() on a mongoose document) mongoose will not include virtuals by default. Pass { virtuals: true } to either toObject() or toJSON().

You can also add a custom setter to your virtual that will let you set both first name and last name via the fullName virtual.

personSchema.virtual('fullName').
  get(function() { return this.name.first + ' ' + this.name.last; }).
  set(function(v) {
    this.name.first = v.substr(0, v.indexOf(' '));
    this.name.last = v.substr(v.indexOf(' ') + 1);
  });
  
axl.fullName = 'William Rose'; // Now `axl.name.first` is "William"

Virtual property setters are applied before other validation. So the example above would still work even if the first and last name fields were required.

Only non-virtual properties work as part of queries and for field selection. Since virtuals are not stored in MongoDB, you can't query with them.

Aliases

Aliases are a particular type of virtual where the getter and setter seamlessly get and set another property. This is handy for saving network bandwidth, so you can convert a short property name stored in the database into a longer name for code readability.

var personSchema = new Schema({
  n: {
    type: String,
    // Now accessing `name` will get you the value of `n`, and setting `n` will set the value of `name`
    alias: 'name'
  }
});

// Setting `name` will propagate to `n`
var person = new Person({ name: 'Val' });
console.log(person); // { n: 'Val' }
console.log(person.toObject({ virtuals: true })); // { n: 'Val', name: 'Val' }
console.log(person.name); // "Val"

person.name = 'Not Val';
console.log(person); // { n: 'Not Val' }

Options

Schemas have a few configurable options which can be passed to the constructor or set directly:

new Schema({..}, options);

// or

var schema = new Schema({..});
schema.set(option, value);

Valid options:

option: autoIndex

At application startup, Mongoose sends a createIndex command for each index declared in your Schema. As of Mongoose v3, indexes are created in the background by default. If you wish to disable the auto-creation feature and manually handle when indexes are created, set your Schemas autoIndex option to false and use the ensureIndexes method on your model.

var schema = new Schema({..}, { autoIndex: false });
var Clock = mongoose.model('Clock', schema);
Clock.ensureIndexes(callback);

option: bufferCommands

By default, mongoose buffers commands when the connection goes down until the driver manages to reconnect. To disable buffering, set bufferCommands to false.

var schema = new Schema({..}, { bufferCommands: false });

option: capped

Mongoose supports MongoDBs capped collections. To specify the underlying MongoDB collection be capped, set the capped option to the maximum size of the collection in bytes.

new Schema({..}, { capped: 1024 });

The capped option may also be set to an object if you want to pass additional options like max or autoIndexId. In this case you must explicitly pass the size option which is required.

new Schema({..}, { capped: { size: 1024, max: 1000, autoIndexId: true } });

option: collection

Mongoose by default produces a collection name by passing the model name to the utils.toCollectionName method. This method pluralizes the name. Set this option if you need a different name for your collection.

var dataSchema = new Schema({..}, { collection: 'data' });

option: emitIndexErrors

By default, mongoose will build any indexes you specify in your schema for you, and emit an 'index' event on the model when the index build either succeeds or errors out.

MyModel.on('index', function(error) {
  /* If error is truthy, index build failed */
});

However, this makes it tricky to catch when your index build fails. The emitIndexErrors option makes seeing when your index build fails simpler. If this option is on, mongoose will additionally emit an 'error' event on the model when an index build fails.

MyModel.schema.options.emitIndexErrors; // true
MyModel.on('error', function(error) {
  // gets an error whenever index build fails
});

Node.js' built-in event emitter throws an exception if an error event is emitted and there are no listeners, so its easy to configure your application to fail fast when an index build fails.

option: id

Mongoose assigns each of your schemas an id virtual getter by default which returns the documents _id field cast to a string, or in the case of ObjectIds, its hexString. If you don't want an id getter added to your schema, you may disable it passing this option at schema construction time.

// default behavior
var schema = new Schema({ name: String });
var Page = mongoose.model('Page', schema);
var p = new Page({ name: 'mongodb.org' });
console.log(p.id); // '50341373e894ad16347efe01'

// disabled id
var schema = new Schema({ name: String }, { id: false });
var Page = mongoose.model('Page', schema);
var p = new Page({ name: 'mongodb.org' });
console.log(p.id); // undefined

option: _id

Mongoose assigns each of your schemas an _id field by default if one is not passed into the Schema constructor. The type assigned is an ObjectId to coincide with MongoDB's default behavior. If you don't want an _id added to your schema at all, you may disable it using this option.

You can only use this option on sub-documents. Mongoose can't save a document without knowing its id, so you will get an error if you try to save a document without an _id.

// default behavior
var schema = new Schema({ name: String });
var Page = mongoose.model('Page', schema);
var p = new Page({ name: 'mongodb.org' });
console.log(p); // { _id: '50341373e894ad16347efe01', name: 'mongodb.org' }

// disabled _id
var childSchema = new Schema({ name: String }, { _id: false });
var parentSchema = new Schema({ children: [childSchema] });

var Model = mongoose.model('Model', parentSchema);

Model.create({ children: [{ name: 'Luke' }] }, function(error, doc) {
  // doc.children[0]._id will be undefined
});

option: minimize

Mongoose will, by default, "minimize" schemas by removing empty objects.

var schema = new Schema({ name: String, inventory: {} });
var Character = mongoose.model('Character', schema);

// will store `inventory` field if it is not empty
var frodo = new Character({ name: 'Frodo', inventory: { ringOfPower: 1 }});
Character.findOne({ name: 'Frodo' }, function(err, character) {
  console.log(character); // { name: 'Frodo', inventory: { ringOfPower: 1 }}
});

// will not store `inventory` field if it is empty
var sam = new Character({ name: 'Sam', inventory: {}});
Character.findOne({ name: 'Sam' }, function(err, character) {
  console.log(character); // { name: 'Sam' }
});

This behavior can be overridden by setting minimize option to false. It will then store empty objects.

var schema = new Schema({ name: String, inventory: {} }, { minimize: false });
var Character = mongoose.model('Character', schema);

// will store `inventory` if empty
var sam = new Character({ name: 'Sam', inventory: {}});
Character.findOne({ name: 'Sam' }, function(err, character) {
  console.log(character); // { name: 'Sam', inventory: {}}
});

option: read

Allows setting query#read options at the schema level, providing us a way to apply default ReadPreferences to all queries derived from a model.

var schema = new Schema({..}, { read: 'primary' });            // also aliased as 'p'
var schema = new Schema({..}, { read: 'primaryPreferred' });   // aliased as 'pp'
var schema = new Schema({..}, { read: 'secondary' });          // aliased as 's'
var schema = new Schema({..}, { read: 'secondaryPreferred' }); // aliased as 'sp'
var schema = new Schema({..}, { read: 'nearest' });            // aliased as 'n'

The alias of each pref is also permitted so instead of having to type out 'secondaryPreferred' and getting the spelling wrong, we can simply pass 'sp'.

The read option also allows us to specify tag sets. These tell the driver from which members of the replica-set it should attempt to read. Read more about tag sets here and here.

NOTE: you may also specify the driver read pref strategy option when connecting:

// pings the replset members periodically to track network latency
var options = { replset: { strategy: 'ping' }};
mongoose.connect(uri, options);

var schema = new Schema({..}, { read: ['nearest', { disk: 'ssd' }] });
mongoose.model('JellyBean', schema);

option: safe

This option is passed to MongoDB with all operations and specifies if errors should be returned to our callbacks as well as tune write behavior.

var safe = true;
new Schema({ .. }, { safe: safe });

By default this is set to true for all schemas which guarentees that any occurring error gets passed back to our callback. By setting safe to something else like { j: 1, w: 2, wtimeout: 10000 } we can guarantee the write was committed to the MongoDB journal (j: 1), at least 2 replicas (w: 2), and that the write will timeout if it takes longer than 10 seconds (wtimeout: 10000). Errors will still be passed to our callback.

NOTE: In 3.6.x, you also need to turn versioning off. In 3.7.x and above, versioning will automatically be disabled when safe is set to false

**NOTE: this setting overrides any setting specified by passing db options while creating a connection.

There are other write concerns like { w: "majority" } too. See the MongoDB docs for more details.

var safe = { w: "majority", wtimeout: 10000 };
new Schema({ .. }, { safe: safe });

option: shardKey

The shardKey option is used when we have a sharded MongoDB architecture. Each sharded collection is given a shard key which must be present in all insert/update operations. We just need to set this schema option to the same shard key and we’ll be all set.

new Schema({ .. }, { shardKey: { tag: 1, name: 1 }})

Note that Mongoose does not send the shardcollection command for you. You must configure your shards yourself.

option: strict

The strict option, (enabled by default), ensures that values passed to our model constructor that were not specified in our schema do not get saved to the db.

var thingSchema = new Schema({..})
var Thing = mongoose.model('Thing', thingSchema);
var thing = new Thing({ iAmNotInTheSchema: true });
thing.save(); // iAmNotInTheSchema is not saved to the db

// set to false..
var thingSchema = new Schema({..}, { strict: false });
var thing = new Thing({ iAmNotInTheSchema: true });
thing.save(); // iAmNotInTheSchema is now saved to the db!!

This also affects the use of doc.set() to set a property value.

var thingSchema = new Schema({..})
var Thing = mongoose.model('Thing', thingSchema);
var thing = new Thing;
thing.set('iAmNotInTheSchema', true);
thing.save(); // iAmNotInTheSchema is not saved to the db

This value can be overridden at the model instance level by passing a second boolean argument:

var Thing = mongoose.model('Thing');
var thing = new Thing(doc, true);  // enables strict mode
var thing = new Thing(doc, false); // disables strict mode

The strict option may also be set to "throw" which will cause errors to be produced instead of dropping the bad data.

NOTE: do not set to false unless you have good reason.

NOTE: in mongoose v2 the default was false.

NOTE: Any key/val set on the instance that does not exist in your schema is always ignored, regardless of schema option.

var thingSchema = new Schema({..})
var Thing = mongoose.model('Thing', thingSchema);
var thing = new Thing;
thing.iAmNotInTheSchema = true;
thing.save(); // iAmNotInTheSchema is never saved to the db

option: toJSON

Exactly the same as the toObject option but only applies when the documents toJSON method is called.

var schema = new Schema({ name: String });
schema.path('name').get(function (v) {
  return v + ' is my name';
});
schema.set('toJSON', { getters: true, virtuals: false });
var M = mongoose.model('Person', schema);
var m = new M({ name: 'Max Headroom' });
console.log(m.toObject()); // { _id: 504e0cd7dd992d9be2f20b6f, name: 'Max Headroom' }
console.log(m.toJSON()); // { _id: 504e0cd7dd992d9be2f20b6f, name: 'Max Headroom is my name' }
// since we know toJSON is called whenever a js object is stringified:
console.log(JSON.stringify(m)); // { "_id": "504e0cd7dd992d9be2f20b6f", "name": "Max Headroom is my name" }

To see all available toJSON/toObject options, read this.

option: toObject

Documents have a toObject method which converts the mongoose document into a plain javascript object. This method accepts a few options. Instead of applying these options on a per-document basis we may declare the options here and have it applied to all of this schemas documents by default.

To have all virtuals show up in your console.log output, set the toObject option to { getters: true }:

var schema = new Schema({ name: String });
schema.path('name').get(function (v) {
  return v + ' is my name';
});
schema.set('toObject', { getters: true });
var M = mongoose.model('Person', schema);
var m = new M({ name: 'Max Headroom' });
console.log(m); // { _id: 504e0cd7dd992d9be2f20b6f, name: 'Max Headroom is my name' }

To see all available toObject options, read this.

option: typeKey

By default, if you have an object with key 'type' in your schema, mongoose will interpret it as a type declaration.

// Mongoose interprets this as 'loc is a String'
var schema = new Schema({ loc: { type: String, coordinates: [Number] } });

However, for applications like geoJSON, the 'type' property is important. If you want to control which key mongoose uses to find type declarations, set the 'typeKey' schema option.

var schema = new Schema({
  // Mongoose interpets this as 'loc is an object with 2 keys, type and coordinates'
  loc: { type: String, coordinates: [Number] },
  // Mongoose interprets this as 'name is a String'
  name: { $type: String }
}, { typeKey: '$type' }); // A '$type' key means this object is a type declaration

option: validateBeforeSave

By default, documents are automatically validated before they are saved to the database. This is to prevent saving an invalid document. If you want to handle validation manually, and be able to save objects which don't pass validation, you can set validateBeforeSave to false.

var schema = new Schema({ name: String });
schema.set('validateBeforeSave', false);
schema.path('name').validate(function (value) {
    return v != null;
});
var M = mongoose.model('Person', schema);
var m = new M({ name: null });
m.validate(function(err) {
    console.log(err); // Will tell you that null is not allowed.
});
m.save(); // Succeeds despite being invalid

option: versionKey

The versionKey is a property set on each document when first created by Mongoose. This keys value contains the internal revision of the document. The versionKey option is a string that represents the path to use for versioning. The default is __v. If this conflicts with your application you can configure as such:

var schema = new Schema({ name: 'string' });
var Thing = mongoose.model('Thing', schema);
var thing = new Thing({ name: 'mongoose v3' });
thing.save(); // { __v: 0, name: 'mongoose v3' }

// customized versionKey
new Schema({..}, { versionKey: '_somethingElse' })
var Thing = mongoose.model('Thing', schema);
var thing = new Thing({ name: 'mongoose v3' });
thing.save(); // { _somethingElse: 0, name: 'mongoose v3' }

Document versioning can also be disabled by setting the versionKey to false. DO NOT disable versioning unless you know what you are doing.

new Schema({..}, { versionKey: false });
var Thing = mongoose.model('Thing', schema);
var thing = new Thing({ name: 'no versioning please' });
thing.save(); // { name: 'no versioning please' }

option: collation

Sets a default collation for every query and aggregation. Here's a beginner-friendly overview of collations.

var schema = new Schema({
  name: String
}, { collation: { locale: 'en_US', strength: 1 } });

var MyModel = db.model('MyModel', schema);

MyModel.create([{ name: 'val' }, { name: 'Val' }]).
  then(function() {
    return MyModel.find({ name: 'val' });
  }).
  then(function(docs) {
    // `docs` will contain both docs, because `strength: 1` means
    // MongoDB will ignore case when matching.
  });

option: skipVersioning

skipVersioning allows excluding paths from versioning (i.e., the internal revision will not be incremented even if these paths are updated). DO NOT do this unless you know what you're doing. For sub-documents, include this on the parent document using the fully qualified path.

new Schema({..}, { skipVersioning: { dontVersionMe: true } });
thing.dontVersionMe.push('hey');
thing.save(); // version is not incremented

option: timestamps

If set timestamps, mongoose assigns createdAt and updatedAt fields to your schema, the type assigned is Date.

By default, the name of two fields are createdAt and updatedAt, customize the field name by setting timestamps.createdAt and timestamps.updatedAt.

var thingSchema = new Schema({..}, { timestamps: { createdAt: 'created_at' } });
var Thing = mongoose.model('Thing', thingSchema);
var thing = new Thing();
thing.save(); // `created_at` & `updatedAt` will be included

option: useNestedStrict

In mongoose 4, update() and findOneAndUpdate() only check the top-level schema's strict mode setting.

var childSchema = new Schema({}, { strict: false });
var parentSchema = new Schema({ child: childSchema }, { strict: 'throw' });
var Parent = mongoose.model('Parent', parentSchema);
Parent.update({}, { 'child.name': 'Luke Skywalker' }, function(error) {
  // Error because parentSchema has `strict: throw`, even though
  // `childSchema` has `strict: false`
});

var update = { 'child.name': 'Luke Skywalker' };
var opts = { strict: false };
Parent.update({}, update, opts, function(error) {
  // This works because passing `strict: false` to `update()` overwrites
  // the parent schema.
});

If you set useNestedStrict to true, mongoose will use the child schema's strict option for casting updates.

var childSchema = new Schema({}, { strict: false });
var parentSchema = new Schema({ child: childSchema },
  { strict: 'throw', useNestedStrict: true });
var Parent = mongoose.model('Parent', parentSchema);
Parent.update({}, { 'child.name': 'Luke Skywalker' }, function(error) {
  // Works!
});

option: retainKeyOrder

By default, mongoose reverses key order in documents as a performance optimization. For example, new Model({ first: 1, second: 2 }); would actually be stored in MongoDB as { second: 2, first: 1 }. This behavior is considered deprecated because it has numerous unintended side effects, including making it difficult to manipulate documents whose _id field is an object.

Mongoose >= 4.6.4 has a retainKeyOrder option for schemas that ensures that mongoose will always keep the correct order for your object keys.

var testSchema = new Schema({ first: Number, second: Number }, { retainKeyOrder: true });
var Test = mongoose.model('Test', testSchema);
Test.create({ first: 1, second: 2 }); // Will be stored in mongodb as `{ first: 1, second: 2 }`

Pluggable

Schemas are alsopluggable which allows us to package up reusable features intoplugins that can be shared with the community or just between your projects.

Next Up

Now that we've covered Schemas, let's take a look at SchemaTypes.